Heavy Metal Concentrations In Water Research Articles

Nanomaterials Based on 2,7,12,17-Tetra-tert-butyl-5,10,15,20-tetraaza-21H,23H-porphine Exhibiting Bifunctional Sensitivity for Monitoring Chloramphenicol and Co2.

Monitoring antibiotic retention in human body fluids after treatment and controlling heavy metal content in water are important requirements for a healthy society. Therefore, the approach proposed in this study is based on developing new optical sensors using porphyrin or its bifunctional hybrid materials made with AuNPs to accomplish the accurate detection of chloramphenicol and cobalt. To produce the new optical chloramphenicol sensors, 2,7,12,17-tetra-tert-butyl-5,10,15,20-tetraaza-21H,23H-porphine (TBAP) was used, both alone in an acid medium and as a hybrid material with AuNPs in a water-DMSO acidified environment. The same hybrid material in the unchanged water-DMSO medium was the sensing material used for Co2+ monitoring. The best results of the hybrid materials were explained by the synergistic effects between the TBAP azaporphyrin and AuNPs. Chloramphenicol was accurately detected in the range of concentrations between 3.58 × 10-6 M and 3.37 × 10-5 M, and the same hybrid material quantified Co2+ in the concentration range of 8.92 × 10-5 M-1.77 × 10-4 M. In addition, we proved that AuNPs can be used for the detection of azaporphyrin (from 2.66 × 10-5 M to 3.29 × 10-4 M), making them a useful tool to monitor porphyrin retention after cancer imaging procedures or in porphyria disease. In conclusion, we harnessed the multifunctionality of this azaporphyrin and of its newly obtained AuNP plasmonic hybrids to detect chloramphenicol and Co2+ quickly, simply, and with high precision.

Heavy metal concentrations in water from Bakkhali River estuary, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Heavy metals contamination of water is considered as severe global issues for developing countries like Bangladesh. Because heavy metal pollution ruined aquatic ecosystem especially fish diversity which contribute important share on economy of a country. The present study designed to investigate the contamination level of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in surface water of Bakkhali river estuary in Bangladesh. The decreasing order of metals concentration was Cu>Zn >Cr>Pb>Cd with the mean value of 2.6> 0.825 > 0.355 > 0.056 >0.003 mg/L, respectively. The results showed a significant seasonal variation of heavy metals concentration in water. Higher contamination occurred during post monsoon, while lower during the monsoon season. Among the all studied heavy metals Cu concentration was higher (2.6 mg/L) and lower (0.003 mg/L) concentration was Cd. Metal concentrations in water samples exceeded the safe limits of drinking water which indicated that the water from this estuarine river is not fully safe for using/drinking. The study area was not entirely polluted in terms of all metal concentrations. But level of metal concentration in polluted sites supposed risk to ecological health. The findings of present study recommended that continuous monitoring of water should be aimed to evaluate the risk which could help to maintain healthy coastal ecosystem and improve management strategy of this estuarine river.

Комплексная оценка экологического состояния участка трансграничной реки Нарвы

A comprehensive study of the ecological state on the transboundary Narva River (Russia –Estonia border) downstream of Ivangorod, Kingisepp District, Leningrad Region, was carried out. It included the determination of chemical indicators of pollution of the natural river water, with an emphasis on some heavy metals content in water, sediments and soft tissues of local filter-feeding mollusks; the latter were used as bioindicators of river pollution in this location. Zn was determined in maximum concentrations in bottom sediments, then Cu, to a lesser extent Pb, Cd and Ni. The coefficient of metal bioconcentration calculated in soft tissues of mollusks showed maximum for Zn and Cu, to a lesser extent for Pb, Cd and minimum for Ni. However, such values have no negative effect on local biota as shown by physiological testing of bivalves from study site. The functional assessment of bivalves by non-invasive cardiac rhythm recording made it possible to characterize their functional status and adaptive capabilities as good. The relative abundance of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria in the digestive tract of mollusks from the Narva River has been determined as an indicator of environmental pollution by oil products. It was noted that the number of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria does not exceed the values characteristic of the reference waters of the Eastern Gulf of Finland. Based on the totality of the studies, it was concluded that the river waters in the studied location can be characterized as slightly polluted and its ecological status as of a good quality.

Appraisal of pollution levels and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with the emergence of heavy metals in Indonesian community water for sanitation, hygiene, and consumption

Excessive heavy metal concentrations in water can pose a threat to human health. The research analyzed 160 groundwater samples used for hygiene and sanitation, of which 62 were used for consumption, and 98 other types of drinking water were analyzed. The research findings indicate that 6% of groundwater for hygiene and sanitation and 13% of drinking water (7.8% groundwater, 5.2% refill water) were deemed unfit for use due to elevated concentrations of certain heavy metals surpassing the maximum limits. As, Cd, Co, Hg, Mn, and Pb were detected in several drinking water samples deemed unsuitable for consumption. Several heavy metals suspected to originate from natural sources are Co, Fe, Mn, As, and Zn, while Pb, Cd, Hg, and Co are suspected to have anthropogenic sources. Only arsenic exposure through the ingestion pathway posed a non-carcinogenic health risk to the local population. Children were found to be more susceptible than adult males and females. The estimated average non-carcinogenic risk levels based on the water sources were refill water > well water > rainwater > spring water. Therefore, it is essential to monitor raw water sources at refill water depots in the study area and implement policies related to the quality of raw water sources, technology maintenance processes, and the quality of processed water from refill water depots. Additionally, the community should be educated about household-scale water treatment to minimize health risks and consider using untreated well water and rainwater for consumption.

Heavy metals assessment for sustainable management in estuaries of Ba Ria - Vung Tau province

Heavy metal concentration in the aquatic environment of estuaries is a significant environmental concern with potential consequences for ecosystems and human health. Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that can enter aquatic environments through both natural processes and human activities. The interplay between natural processes and human activities, particularly urbanization and industrialization, often exacerbates heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Some of the most common heavy metals of concern in estuarine pollution include arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe). Based on the results of two surveys in rainy and dry seasons, the paper aims to assess the concentrations of heavy metals in the estuarine environment of Ba Ria - Vung Tau Province, Vietnam, to understand the extent of contamination and its potential impacts on the ecosystem and human health. The average concentrations As, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn, and Fe were 2.01, 0.024, 0.028, 1.63, 4.71, and 492.9 µg/L in water, and 6.70, 0.175, 0.060, 11.78, 41.94, and 3,108.9 mg/kg in sediment, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations in water have an increased trend during the rainy season. In contrast, values in sediment exhibit an opposite pattern, which can be explained by various environmental factors and processes. For water and sediment quality, individual metals, and overall metal contamination levels (the contamination factor - Cf, contamination degree - Cd, and metal pollution index - MPI) may appear to be low, whereas the assessment of the combined effects of multiple metals (Metal quality index - MI > 1) indicates that there is a potential risk to aquatic life in the estuaries. This assessment may underscore the importance of considering not only individual metal concentrations but also their cumulative effects when evaluating water and sediment quality and making decisions regarding protecting aquatic ecosystems. Further investigations and measures may be needed to mitigate potential harm to aquatic organisms and for sustainable management in estuaries.

Heavy metal contamination through wastewater irrigation on the soil and vegetables: Impact on the nutrient content and health risks ​

The use of wastewater irrigation may contribute to the metal accumulation, and reduction of nutrient level of vegetables, which would then have an adverse effect on human health. Therefore, in the present study we investigated heavy metals contamination and its impact on nutrient quality of vegetables and health risk. The study was conducted from the agricultural fields of Varanasi distinct during the period from March 2022 to June 2023 and all the laboratory work was carried in the department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University. Heavy metal concentrations in water, soil, and vegetable samples were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The physiochemical property (pH), daily intake of metal, metal pollution index and health quotient were also calculated according to the published protocols. All heavy metal were found in higher concentrations in the wastewater irrigated soil that control site. The Lohta site had the highest concentration of heavy metals in the vegetables, followed by Dinapur, and least at control site (BHU). The highest concentration of metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb) were found in the leafy vegetables (S. oleracea and A. esculentus) whereas lowest in fruity vegetables (P. vulgaris). The rise in the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) also provided evidence for the greater metal content of these vegetables. The S. oleracea was found to have the highest DIM (0.061 g/g) while P. vulgaris had the lowest (0.007 g/g). HQ values of these metals were found greater than one ( greater than 1) for both children and adults on the ingestion of the vegetables of wastewater irrigated sites. Further, nutrient contents (Na, Mg, Ca) were also declined in the vegetables of wastewater irrigated site when compared to control site. These findings suggest that the consumption of such vegetables leads to compromised health and might be associated with severe health risk in the human.

Occurrence, distribution, sourceapportionment, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediment, fish and prawn from Ojo River inLagos, Nigeria.

The study investigates the occurrence and bioaccumulationof heavy metals in water, sediment,fish, and prawn from the Ojo River with a view to identify the source of origin and the associated ecological and human health risks. The result shows that heavy metal concentrations in water [As = 0.010, Cd = 0.001, Cr = 0.041, Cu = 0.019, Co = 0.050, Fe = 0.099, Pb = 0.006, Ni = 0.003, and Zn = 0.452(mg/L)]were within theacceptable limits. The heavy metals in the sediment [As = 0.050, Cd = 0.287, Cr = 0.509, Cu = 0.207, Co = 0.086, Fe = 33.093, Pb = 0.548, Ni = 0.153 and Zn = 4.249 (mg/kg)]were within their respective background levels orearth's crust and theTEL and PEL standardlimits. The bioaccumulation ofheavy metals in fish and prawntissues are in this hierarchical form: Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Co > Pb > Ar > Cd and Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ar > Ni > Co > Cd, respectively. The bioaccumulation factors of heavy metals in fishranged from 0.893 - 16.611 and 1.056 - 49.204 in prawn, which were higher than the biota-sedimentation factors (BSAF) values, inferring that the fish and prawns of this study ingested heavy metals highly from watercolumn. The aggregated BSAF scores (fish = 5.584 and prawn = 9.137) showed that these organisms are good concentrators of heavy metals in sediments. The water quality index and other pollution indices (Singlepollutionindex, Heavymetal assessment index, and Heavy metalpollutionindex) demonstrates slightlycleanwater, with a moderate level of contamination. The HI values of heavy metals in water, fish, and prawn were lower than 1, implying non-carcinogenic risk in children or adults. The ADD and EDI values of the metals were within their respective oral reference doses (RfD). The TCR values showed that exposure to water, either by ingestion or dermal absorption and the consumption of P. obscura and M. vollenhovenii from the Ojo River would not induce cancer risks in people, though As, Cr, Cd, and Pb showed carcinogenic potentials. The sediment contamination indices such as CF, mCd, EF, and Igeo showed a moderate level of pollution. The ecological risk values (NMPI, mCd = 0.068, PLI = 0.016, and R.I = 86.651) of heavy metals implies "no-moderate risk" except for Cd, which showed high risk. The ecotoxicologicalparameters, m-PEL-Q (0.024) and m-ERM-Q (0.016) denotes low contamination and no probability of acute toxicity. The CV analysis showed high dispersions and variabilities in the distributions of the heavy metals in water. Other source analyses (Pearson's correlation matrix, PCA, and HCA) showed that both natural processes and anthropogenic activities are responsible for the occurrence of heavy metals in water and sediment from the Ojo River.

Assessment of the status of selected heavy metals in water, sediments and a fish species (Oreochromis niloticus) of commercial value in Lake Nakuru with a focus on human health risks

AbstractThe present study presents selected water quality parameters and the levels of heavy metals in water, sediments and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) of Lake Nakuru. Nine sediments and nine water samples, as well as 30 specimens of Nile tilapia, were collected from the northern part of the lake. Physical parameters were measured in situ using multiple probes and metres. Heavy metals were analysed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, salinity and electrical conductivity ranged from 9.52 to 9.72, 4.58 to 8.62 mg/L, 23.40°C to 25.7°C, 2.39‰ to 2.81‰ and 4470–5226 μs/cm, respectively. Heavy metal levels (mean ± SD) were generally low in the water samples. Chromium values ranged between 7.16 and 9.19 mg/kg dw in sediment samples, and between 3.7 and 13.06 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Lead values ranged between 12.5 and 31.04 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and 4.06 and 9.95 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Arsenic values ranged between 9.5 and 21.7 mg/kg dw in sediments and below detectable limit to 2.11 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Mercury values ranged between .14 and .31 mg/kg dw in sediment samples and .12 and .35 mg/kg dw in fish samples. Cadmium was the only heavy metal concentration that was below the detection limit in the three matrices. Significant differences were observed for some heavy metal concentrations in water, sediments and fish across sites (p < .05). The levels of lead and chromium in fish were above the East African Standard, World Health Organization and European Union limits. The results of the present study recommend a possible reclassification of the lake, an immediate ban on fish harvesting and consumption from Lake Nakuru and a policy intervention on the fishery and pollution management.

Heavy metal concentrations in surface waters of Hurghada and Environs, Red Sea Coast, Egypt, and their correlation with sediment distribution

This study investigates the properties and chemistry of surface water in Hurghada and its adjacent areas, with a focus on assessing the potential impact of human activities on water quality by measuring the concentrations of heavy metals in surface water samples. A total of fifty-nine surface water samples were collected and analyzed for various heavy metals, including manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) using the AAS technique.The results indicate that at the Desert Rose Resort transect, the average total concentrations of heavy metals were within the following ranges: Fe (average of 26.96 μg/L), Cu (average of 0.61 μg/L), Zn (average of 6.31 μg/L), and Pb (average of 0.75 μg/L). Conversely, at the Abu-Shaar transect, Ni (0.87 μg/L) and Cd (average of 0.02 μg/L) were the dominant heavy metals, while Mn exhibited the highest mean value (1.80 μg/L) at the El-Samaka Village transect. Notably, Hg was not detected in any of the samples within the study areas.Comparative analysis of heavy metal concentrations in Hurghada's surface waters with data from the Red Sea coast and other global regions reveals that the study areas maintain heavy metal concentrations well below the maximum permissible values for the marine environment. These findings suggest that human activities have not significantly impacted heavy metal levels in the region's surface waters.Additionally, statistical assessments, such as correlation coefficients (r), were employed to explore the relationships between heavy metal concentrations in water and sediment. These relationships provide valuable insights into the dynamic balance of elements within the sediment and their potential direct or indirect transfer into the water.

Determination of Some Heavy Metals Concentrations in Water and Irrigation Farms along Wulmi River in Pankshin Local Government, Plateau State, Nigeria

Levels of four heavy metals (Co, Cu, Pb and Cd) and three physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, total dissolved solids) were determined from Wulmi River at five sampling points (S1-S5) at an interval of 200m between points using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and approved standard procedures respectively, and the control site located about 1000 meters away from the study area. Sampling was done monthly in wet season from May-December 2017. The weighted means of physico-chemical parameters determined at each sampling point in the river were in the range 6.53±0.21 - 6.85±0.17 for pH. 25.35±0.79 0C - 25.92±2.310C for temperature  which is within the permissible limit of 300C (USEPA,2002), 9.43±3.90 mg/l - 26.71±2.75 mg/l for TDS which is also within the permissible limit of 1000 mg/l (USEPA,2002). The weighted mean of heavy metal concentrations in water at sampling points in the river ranged between 0.11±0.07 mg/l - 0.29 ± 0.19 mg/l for copper, 1.17±0.39 mg/l - 1.76± 0.31 mg/l for cadmium, 0.08 ± 0.05 mg/l - 0.91±0.03 mg/l for lead, 1.53± 0.39 mg/l - 6.48± 3.36 mg/l for cobalt. The soil samples from five irrigation farmlands (F1-F5) around the Wulmi River were also analysed for the heavy metals concentrations. The heavy metals concentrations in the soil ranged between 12.27 ± 3.46 μg/g - 28.05 ± 1.99 μg/g for copper, 5.49 ± 3.09 μg/g - 17.92 ± 2.18 μg/g for cadmium, 2.24 ± 0.02μg/g - 9.85 ± 1.43 μg/g for Lead, 13.48 ± 3.72 μg/g - 27.82 ± 2.65 μg/g for cobalt .Lead and cobalt concentrations in the soils are within the permissible limit set by USEPA (2002) and WHO [1] of 10μg/g and 50μg/g respectively. All the metals under investigation have geo-accumulation input in soils around Wulmi River, except in irrigation farms 2 and 4 which have geo-accumulation input of Pb to be 0.00. Analysis of variance indicates that there is significant difference in pH, concentrations of TDS, Cd, and Co from one sampling point to another throughout the periods of analyses. The data generated will be used to develop a computer based time series model, which can be used to predict the concentrations of the heavy metals in the near future at these sampling points in Wulmi River.

HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN WATER AND SEDIMENT OF SHRIMP FARMS OF SATKHIRA, BANGLADESH

Toxic contaminants moving along with runoff usually contaminates shrimp farms in most areas of Satkhira district, southwest Bangladesh. An investigation was carried out to assess the Physico-chemical properties and heavy metal concentration of sediments and water in shrimp farms from Satkhira district, southwest Bangladesh during December 2020 to March 2021. Twelve water and sediment samples were collected from six Ghers of two Upazilla e.g., Debhata and Assasuni of Satkhira. Physico-chemical attributes such as temperature, DO, BOD5, pH, TDS, EC, turbidity, salinity, HCO3-/CO3-, SO4-, NO3-, PO4- were estimated. The concentration attributes such as TDS (2280-5250 mg/l), EC (4380-9670 µs/cm), Turbidity (50.8-348 NTU), HCO3-/CO3- (219.6-445.3 mg/l), NO3- (0.3635-1.94 mg/l) were observed to be higher than the allowable standards recommended by WHO and FAO. Five trace metals such as chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn), were measured in sediments and water by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The range of metal concentrations in sediment were as follows: Cr (1.95–3.43 mg/l), Zn (205.76-265.71 mg/kg), Cu (0.60–1.1mg/kg), Cd (3.8-4.1 mg/kg), and Pb (0.92-1.11mg/kg wet weight. The range of metal concentration in water were as follows: Cr (0.1-0.8 mg/l), Zn (0.003-0.34 mg/l), Cu (0.10-0.13 mg/l), Cd (0.07-0.08 mg/l), and Pb (0.23-0.34 mg/l). Higher concentrations of metal were recorded in most of the sediment and samples of water of the studied Ghers except Cr and Cu, those were below standard as prescribed by WHO and FAO. The concentration of Cu ranges from 0.602 to 1.113 mg/kg and 0.10 to 0.13 mg/l and range of Cr concentration were 1.95 to 3.43 mg/kg and 0.156 to 0.807 mg/l in sediment and water respectively. However, Cd, Zn and Pb were higher than the allowable standard as recommended by WHO and FAO.  The higher heavy metal concentrations in water and sediment of shrimp Ghers suggest that shrimp could be contaminated by these heavy metals as well.

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Heavy Metal Content of Mangrove Water and Sediment from Selected Sites, Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, India

Due to their function in averting catastrophic weather occurrences like tsunamis and cyclones, mangrove forests are of paramount importance. The current study sought to determine the heavy metal content in water and sediment as well as the physico-chemical quality of mangrove water and sediment. Physico-chemical parameters and edaphic characteristics were studied for different sites i.e. Vadgam, Tada Talav and Kantiajal of the Gulf of Khambhat having mangrove vegetation. Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals were higher at Kantiajal which is situated in Hansot tehsil of Bharuch district. This might be because it is adjacent to the industrial area of Ankleshwar and Panoli. Some of the physico-chemical parameters studied were turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, COD, sulphate, phosphate, ammonical nitrogen, Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co) and Lead (Pb) were the metal selected for the study. In order to develop conservation and management plans, a thorough research of the mangrove species in the Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat, is required. The current study gives the baseline data for these species.

Evaluation of metal pollution related to human health risk in freshwater snail Viviparus contectus (Millet, 1813) as a potential bioindicator species in Lake Habitat (Turkey).

Freshwater mollusks are employed as bioindicators for the assessment of water quality in biomonitoring studies since the water quality of natural resources is crucial for humans. The freshwater snail species known as Viviparus contectus (Viviparidae: Gastropoda) is one that people eat. Here, the levels of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, As, Zn, and Cu) in water and V. contectus samples were determined. An Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES, Spectro Arcos, vertical plasma) was used for the analysing the heavy metal concentrations in water and freshwater snail samples. The results of the current investigation demonstrated that freshwater snails accumulated metals in their water and soft tissues in the following orders: Pb > Cr = Zn = Cu = Cd = As and Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As = Cr. Autumn was the time of year when higher amounts of heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Hg) were found. Pb content in the freshwater snail samples was strongly impacted by seasonal fluctuations (P 0.05). For adults, the EDI (estimated daily intake) values were lower than the TDI (tolerable daily intake) values, and the HI (hazard index) values were below 1. Freshwater snail samples had Zn and Pb levels that were over the FAO/WHO, Turkish Food Codex, JECFA, and EC limit values. Except for Pb, the water study shows mean metal concentrations below the USEPA, Turkish Pollution Control Regulation, and World Health Organisation maximum allowed levels. Aquatic ecosystems were negatively impacted by anthropogenic activities overall, and this study can provide a helpful data set for investigations on metallic contamination in water bodies and biomonitoring in freshwater ecosystems.

Heavy Metal Contamination Status of Water, Agricultural Soil, and Plant in the Semiarid Region of Kandahar, Afghanistan

Agricultural irrigation using wastewater containing heavy metals (HM) might impose risks in bioaccumulation in foods. The current study was performed to assess the status of HM in terms of water-soil–plant systems in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where industrial and domestic wastewater was partially reused for irrigation. Water, soil, and plant samples were collected from wastewater sites in Haji-Arab (HA), Bala-Karz (BKZ), and Mahal-e-Nejat (MN) in comparison with those from a freshwater-irrigated site in Char-Bagh (CB). The HM levels in unfiltered water samples remained lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) permissible values, but the HM concentrations in soil and crops were higher at the HA, BKZ, and MN (wastewater-irrigated sites) than those at the CB site (freshwater-irrigated site). Lead (Pb) levels were high in soils (43–83 mg/kg) and crops (18–36 mg/kg) and extremely exceeded the safe limits even for those crop samples cultivated in the freshwater-irrigated site. Continuous wastewater irrigation increased the HM concentration in water, soil, and plants, but the Pb pollution was found to be ascribed to the minerals in that area since the underground water was showing high Pb levels. The bioaccumulation of HM in the studied sites was related to the cultivated crops and correlated with the land use in the watershed area. This study is important in understanding the risks associated with HM and exercising prudence when applying various irrigation resources in Afghanistan.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in the Water, Sediment, and Organisms from The Sea Ranching Areas of Haizhou Bay in China

Heavy metals (HMs) have the characteristics of high toxicity, long residual time, and difficult degradation, which pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. The distribution and migration of HMs in different media can reflect their potential impact on aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of seven HMs (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, As, and Pb) in the water and sediment and five groups of organisms (fish, Crustacean, cephalopod, bivalvia, and gastropoda) in the sea ranching area of Haizhou Bay and explored the regularity of HM accumulation from water and sediments to organisms. The results showed that in the water, Zn and Hg had the smallest concentrations in the nearshore area, Cr had the lowest concentrations in the offshore area, and As, Cu, Pb, and Ni had the lowest concentrations in the central area. In the sediment, Hg had the smallest concentrations in the nearshore area and As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn had the lowest concentrations in the offshore area; the average contents of seven heavy metals all meet the Class I standard of sediments in China. The concentrations of Cu and Zn in crustaceans were significantly higher than those in fishes (p < 0.05), and As showed a higher enrichment effect in cephalopods. Under the influence of feeding habits and habitat environment, the BAF value of benthic crustaceans and bivalvia accumulated HMs from sediments is high, and the BAF value of fish accumulated HMs from water and sediments is low. Overall, the concentration of HMs in water is high, and HMs in sediments are in good condition, crustaceans and bivalviaa have a strong ability to accumulate HMs from water and sediments, while fish are weak. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of biological quality, it is necessary to focus on the discharge of heavy metal pollutants near the coast in the future.

Determination of heavy metal content in water, sediment and some macrophyte species, iron reeds, Bitlis-Türkiye case study

Determination of heavy metal content in water, sediment and some macrophyte species, iron reeds, Bitlis-Türkiye case study

Seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentration in water and bottom sediment at harboring areas of Digha coast, West Bengal, India

This investigation attempts to reveal the seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in winter and summer at harboring zones in the Digha coastal region of west Bengal. The area showed higher pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), sodium, potassium, organic carbon (OC) in summer and higher dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH) in winter. The concentration of heavy metals viz., cadmium, zinc, manganese, and chromium exceeded the permissible limit in summer, while copper, lead, nickel, and arsenic exceeded the limit in winter. Principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that the metals responded positively and negatively among various harboring sampling sites The present study establishes the grave concern about heavy metal concentrations in the Digha coastal ecosystem and human health which are closely associated and dependent on it.

Multiple evaluations, risk assessment, and source identification of heavy metals in surface water and sediment of the Golmud River, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The water quality of the Golmud River is essential for environmental preservation and economic growth of Golmud city and Qarhan Salt Lake in China. Thirty-four samples of surface water and sediment from seventeen places in the Golmud River and thirty-two dustfall samples in the Qaidam Basin were collected. The concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) were measured; water quality, risk assessment, and multiple source analysis were applied. Concentrations of HMs in water were Zn > Cu > Ni > As > Pb > Cd > Hg, and in sediment were Ni > Zn > Pb > As > Cu > Cd > Hg. In water, the Nemerow pollution index (NP) values indicated that most of the sampling points seemly were seriously polluted; other water quality assessment results suggested no pollution. In sediment, the concentrations of 27% HMs exceeded the background values of soil in Qinghai; 48% exceeded the Earth crust background values, which were As, Hg, and Cd. The single factor index method (Pi), geological accumulation index (Igeo), and contamination factor (CF) revealed that As pollution is serious, followed by Hg and Cd; the pollution load index (PLI) and modified pollution index (mCd) values indicated that 64% and 57% of samples were polluted. NP values are shown serious pollution. The ecological risk results demonstrated a low risk in water and a medium risk in sediment. The average total hazard quotient values in sediment and water for adults and children revealed low non-carcinogenic risks. Carcinogenic risk indicated Ni in water and sediment, and As in sediment may be involved in cancer risk. Multivariate statistics showed that the HMs mainly came from nature, and human activities will also impact them. The upper continental crust values indicated that As and Hg have high background values. The saline dust storm was one of the essential sources of HMs, especially Hg. Various provenances constituted the material cycling of HMs in the surface environment.

Development and application of a new sensitivity analysis model for the remote sensing retrieval of heavy metals in water

This work proposes a new sensitivity analysis model, referred to as the D-δ(ε) model, for the remote sensing retrieval of heavy metals in bodies of water. By defining the reflectance ratio function (δ(ε)), we deduce the mathematical relationships between the heavy metal concentration sequences (Di) that can be effectively used for remote sensing retrievals and the radiometric resolution (ε) of the remote sensing instrument. Then, as a function of wavelength, we obtain the curve of the lower limit of the heavy metal concentrations in water that can be retrieved by remote sensing. To demonstrate the advantages of this model, we take two compounds, copper sulphate (CuSO4) and cadmium sulphide (CdS), as examples to discuss the remote sensing sensitivity of different wavelengths when retrievals are performed using the Chinese HJ-1A's hyperspectral imager (HSI). The results showed that the lowest detectable concentration of CuSO4 in the wavelength range of 460.04–496 nm (corresponding to bands 1–17 of the HSI image) can be below 0.15 mg/L, while the concentration of CdS can be lower than 0.001 mg/L in the separate ranges of 460.04–493.59 nm (bands 1–16) and 526.885–594.79 nm (bands 29–51). This model clearly demonstrates the mathematical relationship obeyed by "D-ε". Additionally, this model can not only calculate the retrieval concentration sequences at any observation wavelength but also intuitively provide the curve of the lower concentration limit for heavy metal retrievals. This work provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the most sensitive bands for remote sensing retrieval using hyperspectral images in the future.

Determination of heavy metals and essential minerals in water, soil and edible plant samples from the vicinity of ankpa coal mine, kogi state

This research work determined the physicochemical properties (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids) of water, heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and essential minerals ( P, Ca, K, Mg and Na) in water, plant and soil samples collected from the vicinity of Ankpa Coal mine, Kogi State. The heavy metals were analyzed using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer machine and the essential minerals analyzed using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer machine. Results obtained for physical parameters of water are within the ranges; pH (4.51-6.91), temperature (19.8-26.5˚C), electrical conductivity (110-210 µs/cm), TDS (7.0-13 mg/l) and TSS (0-1.5 mg/l). The heavy metals concentration in water are as follows; Cd (ND), Pb (0.001-0.077 mg/l), Cr (0.028-3.459 mg/l), Cu (0.09-0.057 mg/l) and Zn (0.050-0.161 mg/l). In plants, Cd (ND), Pb (0.043-0.096 mg/kg), Cr (0.138-0.325 mg/kg), Cu (0.139-0.153 mg/kg) and Zn (0.150-0.510 mg/kg). In soils, Cd (ND), Pb (0.127-0.664 mg/kg), Cr (1.206-4.718 mg/kg), Cu (0.155-0.934 mg/kg) and Zn (0.00-0.400 mg/kg). Results obtained for essential minerals ranged as follows; In water, P (0.19-43.31 mg/l), Ca (5.75-158.63 mg/l), K (5.04-32.28 mg/l), Mg (1.98-11.34 mg/l) and Na (10.70-28.29 mg/l). In plants, P (15.12-23.90 mg/kg), Ca (30.13-144.44 mg/kg), K (64.10-119.06 mg/kg), Mg (10.38-25.69 mg/kg) and Na (0.94-3.55 mg/kg). In soil, P (180.01-1879.51 mg/kg), Ca (11.61-85.18 mg/kg), K (3.02-114.98 mg/kg), Mg (2.59-14.05 mg/kg) and Na (8.24-15.03 mg/kg). The results were compared with the maximum permissible limit (MPL) set by World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and recommended dietary intake set by Food and Nutrition Board (FNB). The physicochemical parameters were all within WHO maximum permissible limit for drinking water. Lead and Cr exceeded the MPL set for drinking water, all heavy metals were within set limit for plants. Lead, Cu and Chromium exceeded the MPL set for soil. The essential minerals in all samples were compared to recommended dietary intake (RDI). Correlation analysis was done using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In plants Zn correlated positively with Ca (0.9298), K (0.7860) and Mg (0.9967) and in soil samples Cu correlated positively with P (0.8212), K (0.8191) and Na (0.8658), Cr correlated positively with P (0.9911), K (0.9915) and Na (0.8363) and Lead correlated positively with P (0.9734), K (0.9905) and Na (0.7948). It can be inferred from this result that Ankpa coal mine has negatively impacted its vicinity.